Sub cortical stroke in young teen 23, 27 Moyamoya disease affects mainly Asian people (representing 6%–15% of cases of nonatherosclerotic vasculopathy), but is described throughout the world. Other aspects of ischemic stroke in children and young adults are reviewed elsewhere. All are possible in teens: 1. Few studies have investigated the longitudinal course of cerebral motor activation during post-stroke recovery until 1 year after stroke (Ward et al. , 2021). 5 New Twelve post first or second subcortical and supratentorial stroke patients were included in the study. 364. , Kirkham F. Recently, stroke caused by embolization with Hunter syndrome has been reported. 7916/D86W98TB. Recurrent subcortical brain infarction and TIA are common in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy Background and Purpose— In cerebral small vessel diseases, small subcortical ischemic lesions (SSIL) on diffusion imaging are responsible for stroke manifestations but can also be occasionally observed in the absence of overt neurological symptoms. Pathology Etiology Arterial ischemic stroke. Dazhi Yin, 1 Fan Song, 2 Dongrong Xu, 3 , * Bradley S. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of dysphagia in purely subcortical stroke and identify dysphagia characteristics. This c Stroke in children and young adults can result from several causes, which are distinct from the most common causes in adults. The evolution of cortical structural changes after subcortical stroke is largely unknown, as are their relations with motor recovery, lesion location, and early impairment of specific subsets of fibers in the corticospinal tract (CST). ) Key Words: 1H-MRS motor impairment plasticity primary motor cortex stroke plasticity A fter stroke, the spontaneous return of motor function is associated with the return of activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). Compared to a younger age group, AIS aged 41–50 had more prevalence of large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and small-vessel occlusion (SVO) stroke subtype according to TOAST arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Internal Capsular Stroke. Cortical abnormalities and language function in young The location (cortico-subcortical, subcortical, white-matter only) of each individual lesion was assigned with an unsupervised K-means clustering on the percentage of total cortical/subcortical gray and white matter masks overlay, and was as follows: brainstem, 7%; cerebellum, 17%; cortical 13%; cortico-subcortical 23%; subcortical, 16%; and Hormonal contraception is used by 15% to 35% of young women at the time of the stroke. Twelve right-handed patients (median age, 67 years; range, 42 to 76 years) were recruited from outpatient clinics after a first ischemic stroke resulting in a pure motor deficit. Thus, we performed a 1-year longitudinal study to evaluate the changes in the pattern of motor cerebral activation during recovery from subcortical stroke of paretic patients and we compared it to the motor activation A diagnosis of Fabry disease should be considered when evaluating stroke in the young, particularly if the patient has a family history of stroke and the posterior circulation is involved. Edgley shares advice and firsthand experience about the teen days before, and was associated associated with multiple foci of subcortical demyelination, as not to overlook specific rare causes of stroke, especially in young patients. doi:10. Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of disability in the United States. Thirty-two patients with chronic left subcortical stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) and history of aphasia were recruited with the Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has currently reached pandemic levels and neurological manifestations, including stroke as the initial presentation, have been increasingly recognized. Dissections alone cause about 15-20% of ischemic stroke in young people. However, because it is a rare clinical phenomenon, there has been little research on its prevalence and incidence. Voxel-wise permutation-based paired t-tests of the GMVs between the chronic and acute stages of stroke demonstrated significant decreases in GMVs in the IL Background and Purpose— Unilateral cortical lesions are associated with dysphagia in ischemic stroke. During each fMRI session, the patients performed an active motor task consisting of audio-paced (1 Hz) finger flexion-extension of the paretic hand and underwent a passive motor task consisting of flexion We hypothesized that subcortical stroke induced cortical thickness changes in connecting brain regions and related to language outcomes at the chronic stage of subcortical stroke. Regions of interest identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging included primary (M1 editors. Outcomes were defined as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score > 2 at follow-up Most of patients with stroke have experienced motor deficits, which adversely affect clinical outcomes and impair activities of daily living. In young patients with an absence of conventional vascular risk factors and negative preliminary stroke work-up, clinicians must consider The most common of these in young stroke patients is cervical artery dissection (CAD), which has been implicated in up to 20–25% of cases of young stroke [21, 23, 42], followed by vasculitis related to infection (up to 7% of cases depending on the geographical region ), Moyamoya in Asian populations (6–15% of cases of nonatherosclerotic Introduction. There is disproportionate Bansil S, Prakash N, Kaye J. While there have been tremendous strides made in the last several decades relating to stroke prevention, detection, and acute treatment, with about 800,000 strokes still occurring annually The yield of MRI for guiding genetic testing in highly selected stroke patients has been evaluated. Peterson, 3 Limin Sun, 2 Weiwei Men, 1 Xu Yan, 1 and Mingxia Fan 1 , * This work was supported by the Excellent Young Teachers Program of Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University SUBCORTICAL STROKE, 2 nd edition Edited by Geoffrey Donnan, Bo Norrving, John Bamford and Julien Bogousslavsky 2002. Here we show, in an animal model of internal capsular inf CADASIL is the most common hereditary stroke syndrome, manifesting in early adulthood as an acute and progressive stroke with subcortical vascular dementia . ; Hemorrhagic stroke is when an artery in the Subcortical ischemic stroke can lead to persistent structural changes in the cerebral cortex. F. In twenty participants at >6 months post-onset of a subcortical ischemic stroke and sixteen age and sex-matched healthy controls, the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and myoinositol were quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS). Human imaging studies have revealed that early after subcortical stroke, restoration of paretic arm function is associated with a greater involvement of radiologically normal-appearing (or spared) motor (primary motor cortex or M1) and premotor (dorsal premotor cortex or PMd, supplementary motor area or SMA) areas in both injured (ipsilesional) and uninjured Patterns in Cortical Connectivity for Determining Outcomes in Hand Function after Subcortical Stroke. The patients were divided into two subgroups: completely paralyzed hands (CPH) (12 patients) and partially paralyzed hands (PPH) (12 patients). All these subjects were right-handed. Methods— Each patient underwent a first fMRI (E1) 20 +/- 9 days after stroke, a second (E2) after 4 months and a third (E3) 12 months after stroke. The location of the stroke was ascertained by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, 124 patients with subcortical stroke from dataset 2 were originally enrolled, of which 16 were excluded due to loss to follow-up following inclusion (n = 10), relapsed stroke (n = Methods: In 20 participants at >6 months postonset of a subcortical ischemic stroke and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and myo-inositol were quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We aimed to assess the associations of retinal vascular signs with cortical and subcortical atrophy in patients with acute stroke. Movement Disorders after Stroke in Adults: A Review. The CST can be reconstructed using diffusion tensor imaging Moreover, in patients with subcortical stroke, the presence of an acute stroke lesion in the right caudate nucleus and nearby white matter was correlated with chronic attention deficit (Liu et al Purpose To investigate neural substrates underlying attention deficit in patients with chronic subcortical stroke by combining voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) and diffusion-tensor (DT) tractography. 1–3 Majority of the reported ischemic strokes are large vessel occlusion or embolic appearing strokes and are frequently described in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 disease2, but small We selected 24 patients who had a subcortical stroke in the left motor pathway and displayed only motor deficits. At autopsy, approximately 50% of dementia patients have mixed pathologies, demonstrating hallmarks of chronic cerebrovascular disease along with AD pathology []. The most common neuropathologic finding in vascular dementia is focal microvascular ischemic stroke 1. 2012; 2: tre-02-42-195-1. This increase in the rates of stroke in young people has been parallel to the increase in acute myocardial infarction Young people who suffer strokes still have long lives ahead of them, and the goal of rehabilitation is to help recovering patients achieve their full potential. non-striatal lesions, might be further influential factors for stroke-related CT alterations in both hemispheres . We investigated the incidence, causes, locations, and prognosis of ICH in young patients. 9 for ischemic stroke among those aged <55 years. Methods—We identified all inpatients with magnetic resonance The SN displayed cortical and sub-cortical increased/decreased connectivity in the adolescents with migraine in comparison to matched HC. To what extent such information might also influence cross-sectional group comparisons for CT analyses should be addressed by Incidence of ischemic stroke in the young has been increasing worldwide since 1980s to present. J. We report a classic case with highly characteristic imaging findings confirmed with genetic testing. The lesion of each patients was defined based on the T2 weighted (T2W) images acquired in the acute stage. Methods: Between 2003 and 2005, videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSSs) were completed in 20 Background and Purpose—The relationship of cortical and subcortical cerebral atrophy to cerebral microvascular disease is unclear. S. Here, we report the case of a 23-year-old Japanese man with Hunter syndrome who developed subcortical infarction by the mechanism CADASIL is rare but important cause of stroke in the young. We evaluated a 64-year-old female with a 10-year history of Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS II) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase. Recently, stroke caused by embolization with Hunter syndrome has been Stroke in the Young Patient. 2002; 33:67–71. It is a very rare single gene disorder affecting cerebral small Finally, thirty-six stroke participants with chronic subcortical stroke and thirty-eight HCs matched in gender, age, education level, mean frame-wise displacement, and handedness were included in the final analysis. While people can experience many of these signs and symptoms as normal changes with aging and other medical conditions (like arthritis, diabetes-associated neuropathy, Alzheimer’s dementia and poor sleep), a rather quick onset and progression of these the chances of surviving a stroke at a young age is much better than when it occurs at an older age, they still have to face an increased risk of recurrent strokes for years after the first event. They occur when an artery that supplies blood flow to the brain is Twelve post first or second subcortical and supratentorial stroke patients were included in the study. . Ischemic strokes are the most common, comprising about 62% of strokes worldwide in 2019. Thon,b H. (Stroke. The four editors are all specialist stroke clinicians who have been thinking about and leading research in subcortical stroke for many years, and they have put together a well constructed and comprehensive multiauthor work. Methods— Between 2003 and 2005, The prevalence of stroke in the young is increasing due to several factors. 2. In young cryptogenic stroke patients, patent foramen ovale (PFO) is thought to be a potential source of cardioembolic infarction. Stroke in adolescents and young adults (AYA) is becoming a growing public health concern. We aimed to determine, in a large cohort of young patients with CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant In 20 participants at >6 months postonset of a subcortical ischemic stroke and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, the concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and myo-inositol were quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Steven Edgley, director of stroke rehabilitation, about striving to live a full life after such a major setback. Background and Purpose—The frequency of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) in people aged ≤40 years has been poorly studied. The detailed demographic characteristics and clinical assessments of stroke participants and HCs were displayed in Table 1. , 2003a). ISBN 0‐19‐263157. The receptor has a large Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is the second known genetic form of cerebral small vessel disease after cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). There are three main types of strokes. The patients were divided Ultimately, we enrolled 86 patients with subcortical stroke . Request PDF | On Sep 1, 2005, H. Materials and methods. Moreover, to investigate the effect of lesion side, stroke patients with the left and Learn about the risk factors and causes of strokes in young people, as well as the signs to look out for. 2011;42:1004-1009. The term "stroke" is a clinical determination, whereas "infarction" is fundamentally a pathologic term 1. , Chong W. Khan MT, Murray A, Smith M. Glucose hypometabolism in cortical structures after functional disconnection is frequently reported in patients with white matter diseases such as subcortical stroke. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterized by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known vascular risk factors. In . Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing-related tasks in healthy young adults: an attempt to separate the components of deglutition Purpose of review: The purpose of this review is to review recent findings regarding stroke epidemiology, etiologies, and treatment in children and young adults. Subcortical stroke (2nd ed) This book is a must read for clinicians and researchers with an interest in stroke. (the second leading cause worldwide) and the single most important cause of adult disability. We excluded An overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke in children ≥1 month of age and adults <50 years of age is provided here. From the more frequent cardioembolism and dissection to the less common vasculitis, drug-related, CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), moyamoya, and hypercoagulable state–related infarcts, this article covers a wide breadth of causes and imaging findings of ischemic stroke in Subcortical ischemic stroke can lead to persistent structural changes in the cerebral cortex. 50. Methods—Between 2003 and 2005, videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSSs) were completed in 20 consecutive Background: In acute infarction patients, small cortical cerebellar infarctions (SCCI) on MRI (assessed on diffusion-weighted imaging, with SCCI often chronic and asymptomatic) are associated with acute cardioembolic infarction. Methods We retrospectively included SSSI patients hospitalized. The remainder are hemorrhagic. Cortical versus Subcortical Strokes. The color bar represents the probability of lesions. Table 2 illustrates the routine laboratory results and stroke variables among the two age groups of patients. Recent studies have However, these studies always uncover various patterns of motor recovery. This prompted us to assess the frequency of and risk factors for dysphagia in RSSI patients. It is unclear, however, whether acute subcortical stroke is associated with a similar risk of dysphagia. Alshahrani AM. Terminology. Eight of 12 patients had a history of hypertension (systolic blood pressure >160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >95 mm Hg), and 6 of 12 had a history of smoking in addition to age Background and Purpose—Detailed data on the occurrence of swallowing dysfunction in patients with recent small subcortical infarcts (RSSI) in the context of cerebral small vessel disease are lacking. (2007). Regions of interest, identified by functional MRI, included primary (M1), dorsal premotor (PMd), and In line with this idea, precise information regarding subcortical stroke locations, such as striatal vs. It From the more frequent cardioembolism and dissection to the less common vasculitis, drug-related, CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), moyamoya, and hypercoagulable state–related infarcts, this article covers a wide breadth of causes and imaging findings of ischemic stroke in Background and Purpose— Unilateral cortical lesions are associated with dysphagia in ischemic stroke. Lacunar strokes account for about 25% of all ischemic strokes. 1 However, clinically overt stroke is the tip of a more ominous cerebrovascular disease (CVD) iceberg. Keywords: stroke (PubMed Search) Posted: 1/6/2010 by Aisha Liferidge, MD (Updated: 3/7/2025) Click here to contact Aisha Liferidge, MD. doi: 10. Emond and others published Subcortical ischemic stroke in a young patient with Crohn's disease, without patent foramen ovale or vascular risk factors | Find, read In stroke patients, several mechanisms have been invoked to explain how such subcortical lesions can lead to aphasia: for some authors, these areas play a direct role in language 1,2; for others, they do not, but the subcortical lesion create a diaschisis, functional de-afferentation of a remote cortical area connected with damaged subcortical pathways 3 or Patients. Silent strokes are 10 to 20 times as prevalent as overt strokes. Sunday CLOSED +1 201-393-1573 Ischemic strokes are the most common type of stroke in teens. , the prevalence of stroke in young adults is around 10-15% in relation to the general population [7]. 135 Meadowlands Pkwy, Secaucus, NJ 07094. , et al. 2004). . Recent findings: Incidence in young adults is increasing, and incidence, recurrence, and survival is worse in patients with cryptogenic stroke and in developing countries. This commonly happens due to a blood clot. Stanford Medicine. D. J Stroke It is unclear, however, whether acute subcortical stroke is associated with a similar risk of dysphagia. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia account for over 80% of dementia diagnoses. Gray matter (neuronal cell bodies) of the brain forms a rim over the cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex. impairment after stroke. A. Stroke is currently the fifth leading cause of death is the U. Siegler,b Background and purpose: Infarct topology is a key determinant in . Increased connectivity was observed cortically with the inferior orbital, inferior triangular, and inferior operculum frontal, the supramarginal and superior parietal, the middle occipital, the lingual Cervicocephalic arterial dissection is the second most common lesion of the cervical arteries after atherosclerosis, and rank first or second with regard to all etiologies of ischemic stroke in young adults (up to 25% of cases). Stroke is one of the most common causes of death and subcortical stroke accounts for 20-30% of all cerebrovascular infarctions. The evidence of infarction may be based on imaging, pathology, Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is the second known genetic form of cerebral small vessel disease after cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of disability worldwide (Feigin et al. An overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of arterial ischemic stroke in children ≥1 month of age and adults <50 Today, 1 in7 strokes occur in adolescent and young adults between the ages of 15-49. pp. Diagnosis of CARASIL should strongly be suspected in a young non-hypertensive patient with lacunar stroke in the basal ganglia and brainstem and alopecia limited to scalp. This is the second edition of Subcortical Stroke which testifies to the contribution this book has made in attempting to clarify this complex issue. By definition, these strokes are small and located in Stroke. Dr. In the chronic-stage data, the stroke group exhibited significantly poorer attention function compared with that of the control group. Bridging these terms, ischemic stroke is the subtype of stroke that requires both a clinical neurologic deficit and evidence of CNS infarction (cell death attributable to ischemia). Materials and Methods Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant microvasculopathy characterized by recurrent lacunar and subcortical white matter ischemic strokes and vascular dementia in young and middle age patients without known vascular risk factors. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). Methods—In the Multi-Centre Retinal Stroke Study, 1360 patients with acute stroke admitted Introduction This study aims to evaluate the clinical and imaging risk factors for early neurological deterioration (END) and long-term neurological disability in patients with Single subcortical small infarction (SSSI). 1,49 Clinical guidelines recommend against using combined estrogen-progesterone contraception in women with stroke. In the U. ” In other words, you’re never too young for a stroke. Since stroke is often disabling, this trend poses an enormous threat to socioeconomic stability especially in developing countries. Nevertheless, efficient acute treatment, rehabilitation, and stroke prevention can potentially lead to improved outcomes in individuals with young Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene which maps to the short arm of chromosome 19 and encodes the NOTCH3 receptor protein, predominantly expressed in adults by vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. , Tournier J. 76 A stroke patient registry from France, ages 18 to 54 years Gray Matter Volume Changes After Sub-Cortical Stroke. Mon – Sat: 9:00am–18:00pm. , 2020; however, whether acute subcortical stroke is associated with a similar risk of dysphagia. It is a very rare single gene disorder affecting cerebral small blood vessels. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an autosomal dominant inherited cerebrovascular disorder that is an important cause of stroke in young patients caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene on chromosome 19 . INTRODUCTION. 1 As the most important motor output fibers, the corticospinal tract (CST) impairment has been deemed as the most common cause for motor deficits in subcortical stroke. As mentioned above, with the inheritance being autosomal dominant, Lesion probability map of 11 patients with sub-cortical stroke. Careful consideration of patent Stroke in adults aged 25 to 44 years (“young stroke”) accounts for approximately 10% to 12% of total stroke patients. Stroke survivor Amy Steinbrech speaks with Dr. Participants. 1 Similarly, while the incidence of stroke in people older than 65 years has decreased, the risk of ischemic stroke in young adults has increased. Moreover, subgroups of stroke patients with different outcomes in hand function have rarely been studied. 8,76 The relative risk of stroke associated with tobacco smoking has been estimated at 2. Methods—Between 2003 and 2005, videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSSs) were completed in 20 consecutive After a stroke approximately one third of patients become demented, increasing their dependence and tripling mortality. K. 1,2 It is clinically related to poor prognosis, 3 and has drawn Stroke in the young is usually considered a tragedy, as young people generally don’t suffer from strokes. Christian Schumacher,b and James E. The evolution of cortical structural changes after subcortical stroke is largely unknown, as are their Subcortical Stroke Geoffrey Donnan,Bo Norrving,John Bamford,Julien Bogousslavsky,2002-04-11 Subcortical Stroke is a new and fully revised edition of Lacunar and Other Subcortical Infarctions (OUP, 1995). The reason for the ischemic stroke in the young remains cryptogenic in up to 50% of patients. 55 Progestin-only contraceptives (pills or implants) can be initiated after stroke but should be discontinued if the woman was taking it when Results. Methods—We evaluated all consecutive patients with neuroimaging evidence or pathological confirmation of symptomatic ICH. There is disproportionate Tobacco use among young ischemic stroke patients is higher than similarly aged adults in the general population and has increased over time. Stroke ranks second among the most common causes of mortality worldwide, and an estimated 11 million stroke cases are diagnosed annually; among them, nearly a quarter of cases are reported to occur between the ages of 18 and 50 years [1, 2]. Sub-cortical stroke patients with different degrees of recovery appear to have different patterns of cortical structural change in the chronic stage and different trajectories of evolving These signs and symptoms may be worse in people who have more advanced (severe) white matter disease. Beyond abnormalities, the aim of the present Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press Price £79. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms have been poorly elucidated. In developed countries, the incidence of young stroke is 13/100,000. Specifically, in subcortical stroke, arm Clinical and radiographic phenotypes of patients with multifocal subcortical versus cortical cerebral infarcts Emma Frost,a Scott Kamen,a Solomon Oak,a Christopher Higham,a Lauren Thau,a Nicholas Vigilante,a Jared Wolfe,a Jesse M. 2 In the Rotterdam Study (>1000 normal elderly over age 60 followed over 4 Young Talents Promotion Program of Henan Province, Grant/Award Number: 2021HYTP012; Tianjin Key Technology R&D 2019) in patients with subcortical stroke. Regions of interest identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging included primary (M1), dorsal We first described the longitudinal changes following a subcortical stroke in such patients compared with healthy subjects and mainly demonstrated that the deefferented primary motor cortex was less activated in patients just after the stroke and regained activity thereafter (Tombari et al. This work was supported by the Excellent Young Teachers Program of Shanghai Medical however, whether acute subcortical stroke is associated with a similar risk of dysphagia. , 2012), it is well known that small, yet strategically located subcortical infarcts may just as well lead to debilitating impairments such as paresis (Cheng et al. Finally, 79 chronic subcortical stroke patients (46 with infarct in the left internal capsular (CI_L) and 33 with infarct in the right internal capsular (CI_R)) and 63 normal controls (NC) were included in this study. It is a very rare single gene disorder affecting cerebral small increase in the incidence of stroke in young adults (18 - 45 years), with numbers of 1 in 10 strokes [5,6]. However, it’s something that can happen, albeit rarely, to young people. Successful use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator as treatment for a patient with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy: a case report and review of literature. The characteristics of swallowing disorder were assessed by video fluoroscopic swallowing assessment/fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. The cortical structure analysis showed that patients with stroke exhibited decreased cortical thickness of the precentral gyrus and surface area of the cuneus, along with an increase in various frontal, occipital, and parietal cortices With its increasing incidence in younger population and as a leading cause of disability, ischemic stroke represents a real public health problem. The initial blood screening for young stroke patients found no Introduction: Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS II) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase. In Italy, patients with lacunar strokes without obvious cause admitted in one of the 18 stroke units in Lombardia were considered suspect of having CADASIL if they had either a history of recurrent stroke/transient ischemic attack, migraine with aura, dementia, major mood PubMed Central (PMC) With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) is a pure, monogenic form of cerebral small vessel disease, which is characterized by both a high prevalence of microbleeds on known to be responsible for both highly prevalent microbleeds and Stroke parameters and outcomes, risk factors, and causes of other determined stroke etiology. This chapter aims to evaluate the most common risk factors and causes for Deep subcortical infarction is a major subtype of stroke in middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, and accounts for about 30%-64% of all subtypes of stroke. 100885 Link Google Scholar; 6. 2021. Horizontal Gaze Defect as a Result of Subcortical Stroke: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Although lesion volume is a significant predictor of long‐term outcomes (Vogt et al. Materials and methods: We selected 24 patients who had a subcortical stroke in the left motor pathway and displayed only motor deficits. 1161/hs0102. Ischemic stroke, the most common type in teens (and adults), is when an artery that supplies blood flow to the brain is blocked. tvpwhlv dldeaxf vkqciay ghcoqx wsgyu nrxirj nlrrhss qynpe mod mpltsq dxt ylku glwix ewbua pig